Red Wine

Red wine is a table wine made from dark grape varieties. There are around twenty different grape varieties that are extremely popular around the world, while grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Pinot Noir get most of the attention from connoisseurs. The other popular grapes are Syrah ( or Siraz ) of the Rhone Valley of France, Malbec the national grape variety of Argentina, Grenache of Spain, Sangiovese grapes of Italy, Tempranillo the noble grapes of Spain and many more. Read more on them here.

Younger wines are usually an intense violet, while matured wines are brick red and ild wines are brown. The colour of the wine comes from the anthocyan pigments in the skin of the grapes, and thus although the juice of these purle grapes is greenish-white. the colour red is extracted from the skin of the grapes.

Wines are fermented alcoholic beverages and thus there are several stages of fermenting the pressed juice obtained from the fruit must, then allowing a second fermentation known as Malolactic fermentation, a process where certain bacteria is allowed to convert malic acid present in grape juice into lactic acid. This is followed by a racking stage where the lees ( yeast and other solid sediments ) is separated from the wine. Then ready wine is then aged and some pass through a stage of filtration for better clarity.

Sugar

Brown Sugar is a sucrose sugar with a distinctive brown colour from the presence of molasses, it is a partially refined or unrefined sugar containing sugar crystals and residual molasses giving it a distinctive taste and flavour of crystallised molasses or toffee. The taste of dark brown sugar is described as a caramel taste with a deep molasses flavour.
Brown sugar is used in cocktails where a caramel candy or toffee flavour is expected.

Caster Sugar is finely ground granulated sugar. It is not as fine a powdered confectioners' sugar and has a little grit to it. It is somewhere between confectioners' sugar and granulated sugar, and melts in mouth with a mild spicy feel to the tongue

Vanilla Sugar is the regular granulated sugar infused with vanilla flavour, by using vanilla pods and seeds to flavour the sugar. A home made alternative is to use vanilla sticks or pods in a jar of sugar and leave it sealed for 4 weeks to allow the vanilla flavour to infuse. Or to use granulated sugar and vanilla extract and blend in a mixer, although this ends up in powdered sugar.

Orange Juice

Orange Juice is an excellent source of Vitamin C, one cup contains twice the daily recommended value. Vitamin C supports the immune system and helps fighting the common cold. The folate in Orange juice supports healthy fetal development. It is low calory and thus is already a qualified alternative to cola fizz in your cocktail if you want to keep your drinks acceptably healthy.

Orange Juice being citrus and naturally sweet and sour, it literally goes with almost any liquor, and of course Vodka being neutral, the best known pairing is with Vodka. But goes well with Dark Rum too, and you get the Planter's Punch, mix it with Champagne and you have made a mimosa, or with tequila to make a tequila sunrise.

Lemon Juice

Lemon Juice being rich in Vitamin C is an excellent remedy for sore throat and aids in digestion and controls blood sugar, and also promoted weight loss. It is used for various culinary and non-culinary purposes all over the world. Lemon juice is known to reduce or even reverse the effects of excessive alcohol consumption and intoxication.
In drink mixing, fresh lemon juice brings a tangy zing to so many classic drinks and in fact, it's the most used ingredient in drink mixing other than the liquors of course.

Cloves

Cloves are flower buds of the evergreen clove tree ( Syzygium Aromaticum ) native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Clove is now grown in many countries and is available year round like most exotic spices that were once exclusive to trade routes across the seas. Found in both ground and whole forms. This aromatic spice can be used to season roasts and curries, and flavour hot beverages, and in cocktails, cloves can add a spicy warmth to the drink.

Cinnamon Sticks

Cinnamon is a very popular spice used world over, obtained from the inner bark of the trees of the genus Cinnamomum. Cinnamon is used in a wide variety of cuisines, sweets, breads and tea and is a dominant flavour in Cola too. Cinnamon trees are grown for two years befiore harvesting them by cutitng the stems at ground level, leaving stumps of trunks from where new shoots grow back and the tree growns again. The cut down stems are immediately processed, the outer bark is scraped off and the stem is beaten evenly with a hammer to loosen the inner bark which is then pried off in long rolls, dried and cut into pieces for sale.
Both Cinnamon Sticks and Cinnamon Powder is used in cocktails to add that sweet and woody flavour to the drink. Alternatively if you are not comfortable with the Powder and the recipe doesn't explicitly asks for Cinnamon Powder you can use a drop of Cinnamon Oil instead.
Note: Cinnamon Leaf Oil has a musky and spicy scent, and a light-yellow tinge that distinguishes it from the red-brown color of cinnamon bark oil Cinnamon leaf oil is lighter, cheaper and ideal for regular use. Although cocktail creation is an art and you can experiment with both.